Multiculturalism in Children’s Writing in the US in the 1980s

Introduction This essay will firstly give an overview of the history of multicultural children’s literature. Secondly, it will map out key theories and debates surrounding multicultural children’s literature in the United States. Thirdly the essay will analyse two books set within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that were published in the United States in the late 1980s – The Flag Balloon and Israel Is. The essay will analyse if and how multiculturalism is presented in the text and the images and identify how the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is informed in the books. Each analysis will also assess whether the multiculturalism in the text and the images seems imposed or natural. The analysis of each book will also briefly assess whether the multiculturalism is natural or imposed in the society at the time each book was published. THE HISTORY OF MULTICUTURALISM IN CHILDREN’S LITERATURE According to Gopalakrishnan (2010), there is limited evidence and much debate as to when multicultural children’s literature began. For example, certain theorists argue that multicultural literature predates the 20th century (Norton and Norton 2003; Sims Bishop 2007). Regardless of when multicultural children’s writing was created, most theorists agree that before 1965, the number of multicultural children’s books was limited (Gopalakrishnan 2010). The year 1965 is described as the turning point for multicultural literature when a widely published article entitled ‘The All White World of Children’s Books’ (Larrick 1965) sparked a flurry of activity in the years following it. In the article, Larrick (1965) describes a survey she conducted, where she found that of 5206 books published in 1962, 1963 and 1964, only 349 or 6.7% included African American characters in their text or illustrations. After this article was published, two significant groups formed: the Council on Interracial Books for Children (in 1965/1966) and the Coretta Scott King Award, established for authors and illustrators of African American and Black descent in 1972 (Gopalakrishnan 2010). After the formation of these groups, another study similar to that of Larrick (1965) was conducted in 1979 by Jeanne Chall and her colleagues. In this survey Chall found that there was over an 100% increase in the number of children’s books that featured an African American character (14.4% of all children’s multicultural literature in the United States) (Cohen and Cowen 2008). According to Cohen and Cowan (2008) in the late 1980s and early 1990s multicultural children’s publishing experienced a spurt. Almost all major publishers increased their multicultural book lists and the number of smaller publishers specialising in multicultural books increased. This increase was due to sensitivity and growing awareness on the publisher’s part and also the need to purchase these books as the school demographics and requirements changed. Since multicultural children’s books now form a more significant part of the literary landscape, the subject has attracted a number of theorists and scholars who have developed their own theories surrounding children’s multicultural literature Banks and Banks (2001). Although theorists of multicultural children’s literature attempt to theorise and analyse a myriad of topics surrounding the subject of multicultural children’s literature, one of the main theoretical debates surrounds the question, what defines multicultural children’s literature? There are three theoretical approaches surrounding the definition of multicultural literature. The first approach is the all inclusive approach. Advocates of this approach argue that all literature should be defined as multicultural since, in their opinion, every human being is multicultural and each individual may describe their identity in a variety of ways (Shannon 1994; Schwartz 1995; Fisherman 1995). The second approach is the multiple + culture approach. This approaches argues that multicultural children’s writing is defined as books that are simply about more than one culture in a society regardless of who is the dominant group and who is the dominated (Cai 1998). Bloor’s (2010) definition of multiculturalism expands one step further from the multiple + cultures definition and describes a multicultural society as not one where multiple cultures merely exist, but one where diversity is promoted and the mosaic of cultures is celebrated and encouraged. The third approach is the exclusive approach. This approach is one where the theorists believe that children’s multicultural literature should only be defined as literature that is about populations that have experienced marginalisation and oppression. Some proponents of this approach state that multicultural children’s literature should only be defined as literature by and/or about people of colour since this form of literature gives people of colour the opportunity to have a voice. (Lindgren 1991; Harris as cited in Cai, 2002). In addition to the different approaches to defining multicultural children’s literature, Sims Bishop has provided us with a theoretical classification of multicultural books. Sims Bishop (1982, 2007) divides multicultural children’s literature into three sub groups: melting pot literature, socially conscious literature and culturally conscious literature. Melting pot books are characterised by those where aside from skin colour or a cultural definition, the story could apply to any character in the United States (Gopalakrishnan 2010). The second sub group of children’s multicultural literature is categorised as socially conscious books. According to Sims Bishop (2007), socially conscious books introduce one cultural group and its unique experiences to the mainstream to make â€Å"socially conscious† or to educate the larger group about the trials and tribulations of a unique cultural group. The main purpose of socially conscious books is â€Å"to engender empathy and sympathy [and] to promote tolerance for racial desegregation or integration† (Sims Bishop 2007: 61). Thirdly, culturally conscious books, according to Sims Bishop (1982), are those that depict the languages and cultural traditions of a group’s experiences most often from an insider’s perspective. The working definition of multiculturalism in this essay will be the second approach, the multiple + culture definition where there is more than one culture in a society regardless of who is the dominant group and the dominated. The analysis will also explore whether the books expand to Bloor’s (2010) version of multiculturalism where the mosaic of culture is encouraged and celebrated. While analysing how multiculturalism is presented in each book, Sims Bishop (1982, 2007) classification of multicultural children’s literature may be applied to the analysis. THE FLAG BALLOONHOW IS MULTICULTURALISM PRESENTED IN THE TEXT AND THE IMAGES OF THE FLAG BALLOONMulticulturalism is demonstrated immediately on the cover of this book and in the second line of text. The cover of the book has been illustrated in the colours of the Palestinian flag. Flags are a means of representing an identity, and there can only be an ‘identity’ if there is an ‘other’ (Berreby 2008). Although flags tend be representative of a country, state or nation, the second line of text in the book tells us that this flag is certainly not for a country. The narrator asserts ‘I have a flag but no country’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 7). The narrator continues to say ‘the soldiers who occupy my town and make all the laws say it is wrong to fly my flag’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 7). From this text we can deduce that these are a group of people who are a part of a country where their culture, customs and even identity may not b e accepted. Nonetheless, this text clearly demonstrates that this a society in which the law makers have different ideological beliefs to those representing the cultural minority. In summary, using Cai’s (1998) definition of multiculturalism, multiple cultures living in one society, the cover page and first page of text depicts a multicultural, albeit uncomfortable society. Multiculturalism is further demonstrated in the text, while simultaneously informing the reader about the Israeli-Palestinian. For example, the father of the narrator says he is ‘making bread for the family whose house was destroyed by the soldiers’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 11). We are informed that ‘the soldiers shut down the school’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 15) and the narrator’s brother is ‘beaten up by soldiers’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 15). The text is educating the reader about the trials and difficulties experienced by the Palestinians in the town. This is a clear example of Sims Bishop’s (1982, 2007) sub category of socially conscious, multicultural, children’s literature where the reader is informed of the trials and tribulations of the community (Gopalakrishnan 2010). The images of flag day further emphasise the difficulties faced by the Palestinians and encourages the reader to feel empathy and sympathy for their situation. This is a further demonstration that this book is an example of socially conscious multicultural literature. There are three images depicting how happy, joyful and cheerful the Palestinians are on flag day. Firstly, on page 23, in the square where the festivities of flag day are due to take place, each person has a smile on their face. Secondly, on page 25 there are six Palestinian men playing a series of instruments; while playing the instruments they have smiles on their faces. Thirdly, page 25 depicts five people holding Palestinian flags and smiling (Stickles and Townsley 1988). These images are sharp contrasts to the next three images, which depict the arrival and the after-effects of the opposing force. Firstly, on the image on page 26 we see three angry looking men with rifles in a car. The text informs us that these are the soldiers. Secondly, on page 27 are five soldiers carrying guns. Finally, on page 29 the image shows us the square where the festivities were taking place. All the decorations have been destroyed. In this image we see the ultimate clash of the two cultures, who live together in one society. Although inharmonious, this image demonstrates two groups living in one society (Stickles and Townsley 1988). These images fit the multiple + culture definition (Cai 1998), where two cultures live together within one society regardless of who is dominating and who is dominated. The dichotomy is emphasised further when we see the narrator of the book release her balloon bearing the Palestinian flag into the air. This image is followed by an image of a soldier attempting to shoot the balloon down. The penultimate image speaks volumes regarding the dichotomy between Israel and Palestine. The image shows four Palestinian children cheering, with a look of satisfaction on their faces that the balloon bearing the Palestinian flag is flying free. In contrast to this, the Israeli soldier is looking towards the balloon, holding his gun and frowning. The final image shows the balloon bearing the Palestinian flag flying high above the land (Stickles and Townsley 1988). In summary, multiculturalism is depicted throughout the text and images in the book however the multiculturalism found in this book is characterised by the basic definition of multiculturalism, that is multiple cultures living in one society (Cai 1998). The book does not expand to Bloor’s (2010) version of multiculturalism where the mosaic of cultures is celebrated in the society. Although, the book demonstrates the most basic definition of multiculturalism, the book does fit into Sims Bishop’s (2007) category of social and cultural consciousness, where we learn about the Israel and Palestinian conflict from one cultural perspective and where the reader is encouraged to empathise and sympathise with the narrator, her family and the town’s people.. In essence this book does demonstrate a multicultural society at its most basic level and the book does inform us, albeit from only one perspective of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict The book is effective in conveying multiple cultures living in one society since throughout the book the contrast can be seen between the Palestinians and the Israeli soldiers. DOES THE MULTICULTURALISM PRESENTED IN THE BOOK SEEM IMPOSED OR NATURAL The interpretation of the book by the reader is highly subjective (as demonstrated by a variety of reader-response theorists (Rosenblatt 1978; Bleich 1978) and to a large extent, the answer to this question depends on a variety of factors including the ideological beliefs of the reader and the knowledge and experiences of the reader. For these reasons, it is problematic to prescribe whether or not the multiculturalism in the text and illustrations is imposed or natural. Each reader will interpret this differently. It may be safer to look at the text and illustrations from both angles. One may argue that the images and the text of the book is imposed, forced and unnatural. After all, it is clear from the text and images as described in the examples that the Israeli soldiers do not want the Palestinians to raise the Palestinian Flag and the Palestinians do not want their territory to be occupied by the Israeli soldiers, implying that the multiculturalism is forced, unnatural and unwanted. On the other hand, one might argue that the multiculturalism presented in the text and images is natural and that regardless of the reasons behind these cultures living side by side, both groups live in the same society regardless of who is dominating and who is dominated. This argument would insist that if the reader ignores reasons or circumstance, multiculturalism is natural in the text and images. At the time the book was written, the world was protesting against the treatment of the Palestinians including people in the United States (Neff 1997), thus to these people the multiculturalism would appeared imposed. In fact, regardless of political affiliation it is doubtful that one would describe the society as a natural multicultural one since the multiculturalism was a result of war.ISRAEL ISHOW IS MULTICULTURALISM PRESENTED IN THE TEXT AND IMAGES IN ISRAEL IS From the cover page of this book, we see a striking image of multiculturalism. Three children appear to be on a Muslim prayer rug (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008) hovering above Jerusalem. The boy is wearing a Kippah; Observant Jewish men keep their heads covered by wearing a skull cap (Kippah) (Board of deputies of British Jews 2006)) indicating that he is Jewish. The second child on the prayer rug has black braided hair in pigtails. While there is no confirmation on the cover, this girl may be Palestinian. Interestingly both the Jewish boy and the girl who may be Palestinian have taken their shoes off, indicating that the Jewish boy is showing respect for the Muslim prayer rug (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008). There is another girl who is kneeling on the prayer rug. She has her shoes on, however her shoes are not on the prayer rug. Again could she be showing respect for the other culturesThe prayer rug is hovering in the air and in the background are scene depicts Jerusalem. We see t he Dome of the Rock which is known to be symbolic to the Jewish, Muslim and Christian faiths (Petersen 1994). In summary, the cover page surely demonstrates multiculturalism in Israel as we have three children from different cultures together on the prayer rug. This represents three cultures in one society (multiple + cultures) (Cai 1998). The image described is significant as it represents harmony between cultures when at the time (late 1980s), there were hostilities between Israelis and Palestinians (Neff 1997). The second page most definitely represents a society of multiple cultures living harmoniously together. In this illustration there a number of images that demonstrate multiculturalism. Firstly there is a Jewish woman, identified by the fact that she is wearing a Tichel; Observant orthodox married women cover their hair in public (Board of Deputies of British Jews 2006). Interestingly, she is purchasing some products from a woman that is dressed in the colours of the Palestinian flag – black, green and red. In the background there is a man wearing a Kippah but also wearing non- traditional clothes. He may represent a more liberal approach to Judaism. He and his wife (who is not wearing Tichel) are purchasing items from a man wearing traditional Arab attire. In this scene people who seem to interacting with each other are smiling with one another indicating peaceful, harmonious relations between each culture (Topek and Kahn 1988). Not only do these images depict multiple culture s living together in one society, the images are also congruent with Bloor’s (2010) definition of multiculturalism, where the mosaic is celebrated. One interesting scene demonstrating multiculturalism and the comparison between Palestine and Israel is the scene on page 6, which contains the text ‘big farms’ (Topek and Kahn 1988: 6). The farm appears to a Kibbutz demonstrated by the houses towards the left hand side of the page. What is interesting is that although this a Jewish Kibbutz, in the middle of the page there is a large chicken, illustrated in red, green and outlined in black, the colours of the Palestinian flag. The image shows the backdrop of a Jewish Kibbutz and in the foreground a chicken coloured in the Palestinian colours peacefully standing on a cow. Again this image demonstrates peaceful relations between Israel and Palestine and two cultures living together harmoniously side by side. This is Bloor’s (2010) definition of multiculturalism. In the penultimate page, there are dove (a symbol of peace (Soucek 2006)) above a group of people. From the far left is a woman without a Tichel, standing next to a man who is wearing a Kippah, but also western clothes. This family may represent a more liberal attitude to Judaism. He is standing next to a man with a beard, who is wearing a long black coat, black trousers and a black hat. His wife is also wearing a Tichel and his daughter’s skirt below her knees. This family appears to be an observant Orthodox Jewish family. Next to the more conservative Jewish family is what might be assumed to be a more liberal Palestinian family. They are happily standing next to a family who are dressed in a more traditional Palestinian outfit. The son of the more conservative Jewish family is wearing blue and white and the son of the family is also wearing blue (the colours of the Israeli flag). The Jewish boy has his arm extended to the Palestinian liberal boy indicating a desire for a pe aceful multicultural society. The different cultures together on one page fit both the definition of multiple cultures in one society (Cai 1998) and also Bloor’s (2010) definition of multiculturalism where cultures are living together harmoniously. In summary, the book Israel Is certainly demonstrates a multicultural society, both in the most basic of definitions where there are multiple cultures living together in one society and in more advanced definitions; this book also fulfils Bloor’s (2010) definition of multiculturalism where the mosaic is celebrated and encouraged. The intent of the authors seems to be to encourage peace and harmony between all cultures in Israel. The only way this book informs us of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is its underlying insistence on peace. There are no images of war, only images of different cultures living in harmony. DOES THE MULTICULTURALISM PRESENTED IN THE BOOK SEEM IMPOSED OR NATURAL The answer to this question is subjective and an insider’s perspective may be very different from an outsider’s perspective. From an outsider perspective, nothing appears unnatural about the illustrations; however an individual who lived in Israel during the late 1980s may have differing opinion. For example, an individual who may have experienced hostility from another cultural group may argue that the images presented are unnatural and have been imposed by the authors. Given the events that took place in the late 1980s in Israel (the First Infatida) (Neff 1997) one may argue that the multiculturalism presented in the text is imposed and unnatural due to the hostilities between Palestinians and Israelis. Again, this is very subjective and each individual may have their own interpretation of events based on their own experience and knowledge. Bibliography Au, K. H. (1993) Literacy instruction in multicultural settings. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. Banks, J. A., & Banks, C. M. (2001) (Eds.). Handbook of research on multicultural education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Berreby, D. (2008) Us and Them: The Science of Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bleich, D. (1978) Subjective criticism. London: The John Hopkins University Press. . Bloor, K. (2010) The definitive guide to political ideologies. Milton Keynes: AuthorHouse BOARD OF DEPUTIES OF BRITISH JEWS. (2006) Jewish Family Life and Customs: a practical guide. Available from: http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=14876 [Accessed 11th October 2014]. Cai, M. (1998) Multiple definitions of multicultural literature: Is the debate really just â€Å"ivory tower bickering†. The New Advocate, 11(4), 311–324. Cai, M. (2002) Multicultural literature for children and young adults: Reflections on critical issues. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source. Cohen, V., and Cowen J. (2008) Literacy for Children in an Information Age: Teaching Reading, Writing, and thinking. Bedmont: Thompson Wadsworth. Encyclop?dia Britannica. (2008) Prayer Rug. [Online] Available from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/474169/prayer-rug [Accessed 11th October 2014]. Fisherman, A. R. (1995) Finding ways in: Redefining multicultural literature. The English Journal, 84(6), 73–79. Gopalakrishnan, A. (2010) Multicultural Children’s Literature: A critical approach. California State University, Los Angeles: Sage Publications Larrick, N. (1965, September). The all white world of children’s books. The Saturday Review, 63–65, 84–85. Norton, E., & Norton, S. E. (with McClure, A.). (2003) Through the eyes of a child: An introduction to children’s literature. Upper Saddle Fiver, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall. Lindgren, M. V. (1991) The multicolored mirror: Cultural substance in literature for children and young adults. Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin: Highsmith. Neff D., (1997) The Intifada Erupts, Forcing Israel to Recognize Palestinians Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. December 1997, p. 81-83. Peterson, A. (1994) Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. London: Routledge Rosenblatt, L. M. (1978). The reader the text the poem: The transactional theory of the literary work. Carbondale & Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press. Schwartz, E. G. (1995). Crossing borders / shifting paradigms: Multiculturalism and children’s literature. Harvard Educational Review, 65(4), p. 634–651. Shannon, P. (1994). I am the canon: Finding ourselves in multiculturalism. Journal of Children’s Literature, 20(1), p 1–5. Sims Bishop, R. (1982) Shadow and substance: Afro-American experience in contemporary children’s fiction. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English. Sims Bishop, R. (2007). Free within ourselves: The development of African American children’s literature. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Soucek, G. A., (2006) Doves (Complete Pet Owner’s Manual). New York: Barron’s Educational Servies Inc Stevens C. A., (1989) Turkey & Palestine: Both Middle Eastern Secular Democracies Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. March 1989, p 17. Stickles, F.C., and Townsley J. (1988) The Flag Balloon. Washington: Amer Educational Trust Topek, S. R., and Kahn, K. J. (1988) Israel Is. United States: Kar-Ben Pub

How successful has the government and the Bank of England Essay

The bank of England and the government has worked tirelessly to counter the threat of recession and inflation particularly over the last two years. Both have worked in tandem and introduced a number of economic policies to ensure that the country does not become the target of the dreaded recession. The problems came about due to the sub-prime mortgage problems which originated in the USA. Homes began to get repossessed as home-owners were unable to repay their mortgage arrears. This in turn was felt by the UK economy and the Bank of England was forced to tamper with interest rated to ensure that repossession levels were kept reasonably low. In addition to this we have seen additional economic problems i. e. the folding of Lehman brothers but the bank of England and the government has worked hard to soften the blow. (Jones, 2007,pg 13) The Bank of England has controlled the level of interest rates it sets via the manipulation of short term interest rates and has taken extra care since the credit crunch kicked in 2 years ago. They have controlled the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). If the MPC thought that the demand was set to rise too fast, then they would have increased the interest rate, but if they thought demand was growing at a slow rate, or maybe even possibly falling, they would then have reduce the interest rate. This was known as the transmission mechanism. (Bernake, 2006, pg 27) The government since November 2006 has introduced many different internal consumer demand changes that affected the general public. Firstly there was consumer borrowing. Many consumers used this method to borrow money in the form of credit cards or loans before the credit crunch but the government revised in at the start of 2007. As the interest rates increased, it became less attractive to borrow at that time as repayments were be higher and still are high. (Jones, 2007,pg 24) Next, there was the issue consumer debt. Because of levels of borrowing at present, higher interest rates meant higher repayment costs. This was known as debt servicing. This left the consumers as a whole with less surplus income to spend as this led to a fall in demand. Mortgage debts were present because most people had to borrow to purchase a home before the credit crunch and the payments on their property varied based on the interest rate but were generally high since 2006. Higher interest rates meant higher repayments which ultimately led to a fall in demand. The Bank of England declined to substantially cut interest rates but a cut of 0. 5% was made in September 2008. Expectations were another point to consider. If interest rates increased then people may have less confidence in the future of the economy and may hold off purchases as they became concerned about a possible fall in income or even worse, the possibility of becoming unemployed. Asset prices may have been affected by interest rates, with an increase in the interest rate meant asset prices may fall. This may be shares or perhaps houses. If asset prices decreased then people felt like they have less money and thus cut back on spending. (Mankiw, 2006, pg12) Many businesses borrowed money from banks and it is this demand changes that affected the interest rates which ultimately affected how much the business owed the bank. One solution is that businesses could have agreed with the lender that funds were only drawn when needed meaning interest would only be paid on amounts drawn and the business would not have to pay interest on unused funds of the loan. The government and bank of England has worked systematically to keep the economy flowing over the last two years where the UK has been on the brink of recession. What this is saying is that they could have predicted how interest rates would fall on rise based on the current state of the economy and the position it had within the world trade. If the economy is doing well then we can say that interest rates will be affected in a way in which we can predict for the future. In this case they may rise but if the economy is doing poorly then they may fall in the future. (Mankiw, 2006, pg22) To conclude one would say that the Bank of England plays a major role in the stability of this country. Without it this country would have no financial stability to be a world player on the trade market like it is now. b) Describe and evaluate the main macro economic policies used by the British government and the Bank of England over the last two years? (november 2006 – november 2008) The government and the bank of England have used a number of macro economic policies over the last two years. They are – Monetary Policy Government has used the monetary policy to ensure a slow steady growth in the money supply which moves in line with the growth of real output, around 1% or 2% per year since 2006. The Bank of England controls rates of interest rates, and by holding interest at a steady level, inflation would also be kept level. ( Bernake, 2007, pg 10) Fiscal Policy The fiscal policy is the policy used by the government to help direct the economy by deciding how much they should spend, which resources to spend money on, how much taxes should be risen or decreased or waived. An example of fiscal policy in use is when the government from 2006 used fiscal policy to change the level of economic activity due ton the credit squeeze. After 1979, the Conservatives believed that using monetary policy to control the money supply was more important but the government from 2006 only highlighted this area of macro economics due to the credit problems. Businesses used the fiscal policy as their main policy as they believe that interest rates played an important part in influencing aggregate demand. They used monetary policy as a back up to fiscal policy. When businesses were faced with a recession in the economy, they did not not welcome the change in the fiscal policy to decrease public spending and increase taxes. When there is a boom in the economy fiscal policy is used by Keynesians to decrease public expenditure and increase tax but since 2006 the opposite occurred. Monetarists used fiscal policy to reach a near balanced budget which they felt would prevent large increases in the money supply and inflation. As monetarists did not believe in the short term counter cyclical policies, they felt that it was important to stabilize the money supply in the medium term to counter the threat of inflation. ( Bernake, 2007, pg22) Incomes Policy The government looked at the incomes policy and aimed to reduce inflation rates by ensuring that the growth rate of incomes is the same as the growth rate of productivity. If the government could slow down the rate of increasing incomes, the incomes policy could restrict the rate at which costs were rising. A voluntary incomes policy was when the government tried to persuade trade unions and firms to accept that wages should not be allowed to increase more than the expected rise in Gross National Product. A statutory incomes policy was when the government passes legislation to limit or freeze increase levels which took place in June 2007. Price Controls Policy The government applied price controls to control inflation rates in Feb 2007.? Price controls sometimes hold prices below the equilibrium level, causing shortages.? If costs rose whilst prices were held down, firms may be unable to make profit.? When cost-push inflation is the main inflation, prices need to be controlled to reduce the problem. The Bank of England was wary of this and welcomed the change. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE POLICIES Monetary Policy Keynesians use monetary policy during a recession and in reverse during a boom. Monetary policy is used to lower interest rates, ease controls on bank lending and hire purchase during a recession. The effect this has on the government objectives was that unemployment would fall due to increased expenditure causing greater demand for goods and services and more need for employees to produce more goods. The threat of Inflation increased due to the less favourable balance of payments due to increased spending on imports. (Bernake, 2006, pg 26) Supply Side Policies Supply side policies also reduced inflation by de-regulating the labour markets and encouraging higher levels of productivity. Supply side economists felt that unemployment levels would drop when there was lower tax and reduced benefit levels but since Nov 2006 the government nor bank of England did not reduce tax. When unemployment had been reduced, the threat of inflation remained low, and if trade unions had less power, it would prevent workers demanding higher wages, which also helped to keep inflation low. By allowing market forces to operate, the bank of England felt that the economic growth would increase, as goods would be supplied where they were needed.? As supply side economists felt that supply factors were important and that they would concentrate on ensuring there was enough supply for consumers, preventing more imports having to be purchased, helping to keep the balance of payments level steady and keeping the economy running in a very shaky period. (Bernake, 2006, pg 29) Price Controls Policy If the government inflation fell by imposing price controls, it can often cause firms to go out of business if costs rise and prices don’t. Firms may be unable to keep employees if costs are rising and they are not making enough profit, causing increased unemployment. Economic growth would deteriorate, as firms may find it difficult to expand. Consumers may purchase goods from other countries if prices are unreasonable causing the balance of payments to decrease, making the UK less competitive. Bibliography Books Jones. C. Introduction to economic growth. Second edition. W. W Norton and company Ltd (2007) Mankiw, G.Macroeconomics. 6th ed. Palgrave, (2006) Journals Bernake, B. Is growth exogenous? Taking Mankiw, Romer and Weil seriously. National Bureau of Economic Research (2006) Edwards T. Human capital and the ambiguity of the Mankiw- Romer-Weil model. Loughborogh University (2007) Felipe, J et al. Why are some countries richer than others? A reassurance of Mankiw Romer Weils test of the neoclassical growth model. Mankiw, et al. A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. Quarterly journal of economics. (2007) Porter M and Stern S. Measuring â€Å"ideas† production function: Evidence from the international patent output. National Bureau of economic research. (2006) Bernake, B. Is growth exogenous? Taking Mankiw, Romer and Weil Seriously. (2007) Felipe, J. Why are some countries richer than others? A reassessment of Mankiw Romer Weils’s test f the neoclassical growth model. Bernake, B. Is growth exogenous? Taking Mankiw, Romer and Weil Seriously. (2006) Edwards T, Human capital and the ambiguity of the Mankiw-Romer-Weil model. (2005) Felipe, J. Why are some countries richer than others? A reassessment of Mankiw Romer Weils’s test f the neoclassical growth model. Zoeyga G and Gylfason T. Obsolescene. International Macroeconomics. 2006

Love. Ralston Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love. Ralston - Case Study Example cause the case highlights that people in general do not know about the organization and often learn about the work which volunteers do through word of mouth. In such a scenario, when people are not even aware that they are required for work how can they be expected to apply for it. In order to create awareness regarding the issue, it is but essential that Rick includes in his marketing objectives the task of providing ample information to the customers that imparts to them enough information to make them want to apply whether it is for giving back to the community or the adventure appeal. It would also be a good idea for Rick to include in his promotion objectives to attract as much young talent as possible for the simple reason that the youth might just be in better physical shape to cope with the rigorous demands of fire fighting and thus be better able to adjust its time schedule to attend the monthly drills and in general give in more time to the volunteer work as compared to a c orporate employee who might otherwise be tied up in his job. In order to go about achieving his objective Rick can start by targeting high school students and conduct a campus drive if permitted by the budget. The plan should be to visit campuses with current volunteers who could interact with the students and tell them how rewarding the work is and how content one feels after doing something without it being backed by any monetary compensation. One important reason why high school students might also be interested in becoming a part of RVVFD is that those students who are interested in pursuing higher education would know that extra credit is given for doing voluntary work. Consequently, if students might not be thrilled by the idea of giving back to the society they would still take it as an opportunity to glorify their resumes with. In order to create brand awareness getting posters and standees made would be a cheap alternative to going for an all out mass marketing campaign on

Wall Mart stores Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Wall Mart stores - Essay Example As I witnessed, the performance excellence becomes highly achieved by the firm. Wal-Mart has continued to colonize the global market through its relentless expansion (Edward, 2006). Wall mart has over the years opened new megastores nearly every two business days, and it has at the same time continued to expand on average into a new nation every year (Bonacich, 2004). Being a true global company, Wall Mart has redefined and changed the shopping experience for each and every American customer.I managed to see the employees of the firm work. They give the necessary human resources that move the engine of production of goods and marketing of the produced goods (Chazen, 2002). They work tirelessly to ensure that customers get served well. Without them, the company is unlikely to function even if there exists customers and shareholders ready to purchase the goods offered by the company. Employees of Wall Mart are valuable since they are the ones selling and marketing the products to consu mers (Bonaich, 2004). They take all the necessary procedures to make sure that they perform over the set limits. Suppliers of the goods and services are vital as they provide the goods which the company depends on to produce or sell its outputs (Chazen, 2002). Without them, marketing and production become rendered null and void. I saw how the organization relates with the community in their activities. Society impacts the organization in a big way (Ruta, 2009). Even though, they gain economically.... Employees of Wall Mart are valuable since they are the ones selling and marketing the products to consumers (Bonaich, 2004). They take all the necessary procedures to make sure that they perform over the set limits. Suppliers of the goods and services are vital as they provide the goods which the company depends on to produce or sell its outputs (Chazen, 2002). Without them, marketing and production become rendered null and void. I saw how the organization relates with the community in their activities. Society impacts the organization in a big way (Ruta, 2009). Even though, they gain economically from the company, they require protection from unethical, unjust, illegal and irresponsible acts by the company (Feser, 2011). Through the use of pressure groups, protests, and also the legal system, the community regulates the company’s behavior. The company is working extra hard to ensure a positive impact to the society. In my tour of the organization, I noticed that the organizat ion has a unique, competitive environment. Although the company’s main competition comes from local merchandise retailers, a number of warehouse clubs and also, supermarket retailers (Bonaich, 2004). The company’s retailing industry is immense in size and is always experiencing a number of growths and changes (Chazen, 2002). The main competitors compete both in the national and international market. There is massive competition on the pricing, layout, location, store size, environment and also technology and innovation (Griffin, 2010). Nevertheless, the firm is performing beyond expectations. The market Wall mart is in gets characterized by large economies of scale

Case Study Based Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study Based Report - Essay Example Samsung electronics was a brand that was known for producing cheap products. It used to make black and white television and calculators from the year 1969 to 1990. But then things started to change. Samsung unveiled a new strategy called â€Å"new management† which was a top to bottom strategy for the whole company. In the year 2009, Samsung reached a revenue of $117 billion with profit of $8.3 billion. Inter-brand selected Samsung as the fastest growing brand for a time span of more than five years. Samsung electronics became one of the leading producers of semiconductors. Samsung became one of the largest consumer electronic conglomerates in the world. As a brand, Samsung also got listed in the list of Fortune Magazine’s hundred largest global corporations. ... Hence, the main focus should be on as to what are the factors that led to such a massive transformation. Based on the case analysis it can be figured out that the Top to bottom strategy adopted by Lee Byung Chull had three important factors that were instrumental is providing strategic direction to the company. The three main factors happened to be the new product development process, adoption of product test marketing and positioning strategy of the products (Czinzota, Ronkainen, Moffett, Marinova & Marinov, 2009, pp. 423-429). New Product development focus Samsung hired some new fresh young designers to get a set of fresh ideas. These designers unleashed a surge of new products. The product development team focused on producing sleek, beautiful and bold products to target high end user in terms of product quality. The difference with the past was that the team was not looking to produce â€Å"me-too† products. The concentration of the company on new product development, exis ting product improvement and overall R&D was the key (Henry, 2008, p. 89). Adoption of the test marketing concept Product test marketing is an actually one of the steps of the new product development. In order to be a really â€Å"Wow† product each and every product produced by the company started going through market testing. Products that did not a get â€Å"Wow† feedback from the customers went back to the design lab. Samsung started conducting integrated tests of the products as well as the total marketing program including branding, advertising, distribution, packaging, segmentation, targeting, positioning at each and every marketing and budgeting levels. This helped the management to get valuable information regarding the â€Å"go or no go

Special Stain NoteBook Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Special Stain NoteBook - Research Paper Example Again, the tissue is rinsed in the stain with cold water and finally, dipped in ethanol fixate, then in xylene for forty-five seconds (Yakovlev, 2009). Procedure (Steps): Bouin’s solution, an inorganic oxide, is used in microwave for one minute and is allowed to stand for fifteen minutes. Subsequently, for five minutes, the stain is washed in tap water, followed by the application of one drop of hematoxylin and is allowed to stand for ten minutes. Correspondingly, it is again washed in tap water for five minutes and then rinse in distilled water. In the following step, the stain is dipped in biebrich scarlet solution for five minutes and then rinsed in distilled water. Then phosphomolybdic or phosphotungstic is applied with a resting time of ten minutes required to discard it. Sixth, then transferred to aniline blue solution, and is kept for five minutes. The stain is then rinsed in distilled water. Again one percent of acetic acid is applied on the specimen and rinsed in distilled water. Finally, it is dehydrated and cleared (Media Lab Incorporated, 2015). Procedure (Steps): At the initial step, sections of the tissue is deparaffinized and hydrated and then suspended in distilled water. In the second step, 250 ml of iron stain solution is added to the specimen and dipped for thirty minutes. Then the specimen needs to be washed for three times in distilled water. Again it needs to be stained with 250 ml nuclear fast red solution for five minutes and then rinsed in distilled water. In the third step, the specimen needs to be dehydrated through 95% of alcohol for two changes, followed by the final and the last process to clear it in xylene solution for three changes and for two times, before covering the slip by using permanent mounting medium (Biogenex, 2015). Procedure (Steps): First, deparaffinize sections of the liver and hydrate it to deionized water. Second, oxidize the liver section in 1% potassium

How Symbolism, Setting and Characterization Contribute to the Power of Essay

How Symbolism, Setting and Characterization Contribute to the Power of 'Coalinga, Half Way' - Essay Example It soon becomes apparent that is imagery is extended to his wife, 'her big eyes' seeming to relate to the cattle's eyes. The moaning of a single cow links with her gasp, the 'horrible thud of shock in her chest, the slaughtering of the animals, the killing of her hope. Further symbolic images imply guilt, dread and destruction as the man sees pieces of garbage: This man may perceive himself to be the criminal here, for what he is thinking and intends to do. The symbolic links with the animals and their fate are continued when he believes himself to be crying, just as 'the steers set up a long series of desperate bawling', then, like him drop off into silence again, as does the piercing shriek of the circling hawk. The hawk itself suggests a symbol of something circling for the kill, bringing destruction somewhere, as the man destroys his family. The words 'will you meet me halfway' signify much more than a drive or geographical point on a map, as does the statement, 'he knows he's gone way past halfway'. The imagery of himself as something 'deep inside a muscle' calls to mind the hypodermic needle of an addict, and sure enough, he is soon no longer himself, but 'some scared boy.' Words and voices, with particular reference to the telephone also play a large part in the action.

Pick a stance on the rights of animals based on Peter Singer's article Essay

Pick a stance on the rights of animals based on Peter Singer's article Famine - Essay Example The concept that we try to use to extract an argument for animal rights is the concept introduced by Singer that proximity does not matter. Whilst in this particular case, the proximity spoken of was geographic, .i.e., small child in neighbor’s house vis a vis a Bengali child, the proximity could also be in terms of species. In the logic of Peter Singer, animals cannot be denied rights given humans even if they are proximally different from the latter. Animal rights can find justification in theories of right that are embedded in time. It is interesting to begin this exposition by looking at the fairly recent debate between Singer and Judge Richard Posner of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. At the heart of the debate was a statement made by Posner, that â€Å"human beings prefer their own. ... The statement that â€Å"human beings prefer their own† should in itself be subjected to critical scrutiny. Indeed, the phrase â€Å"preferring one’s own† denotes a value choice in favour of an entity or a construct that hews closely to how one perceives him or herself and possesses many of the same characteristics that he or she has. Indeed, the very same moral intuition that drives the argument of Posner is the same so-called moral intuition that has been the basis for the discrimination on the basis of gender (e.g., the discrimination against lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgenders), of race (e.g., the discrimination against blacks) and of religion (e.g., the discrimination against Islam.) History has amply demonstrated the folly of taking that statement, â€Å"human beings prefer their own†, as justified and benign. The moral equality theorists argue that there must be an equal consideration of the interests of human beings and animals. Peter Singer is perhaps one of the leading lights of animal ethics. He states the principle of moral equality as follows: The essence of the Principle of Equal Consideration of Interests is that we give equal weight in our moral deliberations to the like interests of all those affected by our actions.3 The main defense for this theory is that the properties that we ascribe to humans that distinguish them from animals are not properties  that all human beings have, and thus, the logic deployed by those who distinguish humans from animals as a means to justify unequal treatment of humans and animals may give rise to a case of discrimination. For example, not all human beings are capable of rational thought – an example would be infants. Some humans have dementia or schizophrenia. Does the argument then

Answering 2 questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answering 2 questions - Assignment Example My personal contributions will aim at fulfilling some holes in the research topic by bringing in ideas that seek to affirm contentious issues in the topic. I believe that I will be able to offer sufficient support for my claims as well as highlighting the myths and misconceptions surrounding the topic. I think the final choices of peers are valid as they can form the basis for a credible research topic. In relation my selected topic, I have seen many things that may alter my view of the subject. First of all, television commercial are not only based in emotions as I had earlier stated but they are also based on some known facts. They not only appeal to our emotions but some of them are based on things that we cannot do without and as a result, the advertisements are just a matter of conveying the information and not appealing for convince us through emotional approach. I have discovered that logos can also be applied in commercials by stating the logic behind the need to consume some products. According to the definition of research as depicted in the lecture notes, it is about creation of a topic and not just writing on the topic. This means that one must come up with new ideas and strategies that have never been handled conclusively and the debate on them rages on. This is a new insight to me as far as research writing is concerned. I will now focus more on the coming up with new ideas as opposed to the ones already known and proved. By taking this approach, I will be able to write one of the best papers and fill all the knowledge gaps in my research

Cognition and Instruction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Cognition and Instruction - Assignment Example As humans interpret each new situation, they will constantly revise their own mental models to reflect the new information, and will, therefore, construct their own interpretation of reality. Constructivism is often compared to objectivism, which is usually quoted as being the opposite of constructivism. Objectivist theory is primarily based on the work of behaviorists such as B.F. Skinner. Objectivists believe that information itself is knowable outside the bounds of any human mind, and that any individual interpretation of knowledge can be said to be either correct or incorrect. Objectivists view individual pieces of information as symbols or currency that can be acquired by humans, and can be transferred from human to human should the correct learning conditions exist. While much of the early work in traditional educational and instructional design derived from objectivist theory, modern academic minds have come to accept that learning environments which more closely match the nee ds of constructivist learning may be more effective. The perceived benefits of constructivist learning may be particularly valuable where the teaching of complex skills, such as problem solving or critical thinking skills are concerned. If we accept that constructivist theory is the best way to define learning, then it follows that in order to promote student learning it is necessary to create learning environments that directly expose the learner to the material being studied. For only by experiencing the world directly can the learner derive meaning from them. This gives rise to the view that constructivist learning must take place within a suitable constructivist learning environment. One of the central tenants of all constructivist learning is that it has to be an active process; therefore, any CLE must provide the opportunity for active learning. There are four basic characteristics of CLEs, which must be considered when implementing constructivist instructional strategies: 1) Knowledge will be shared between teachers and students. 2) Teachers and students will share authority. 3) The teacher’s role is one of a facilitator or guide. 4) Learning groups will consist of small numbers of heterogeneous students. The teacher’s role in a CLE must include spending time developing or preparing the CLE for the students to use. This can require detailed preparation to ensure that the students are exposed to relevant authentic tasks. For example, this may encompass preparing collaborative environments to expose students to multiple perspectives. It can also include the design of situated learning cases that match the student’s zone of proximal development, or the design of problems for problem based learning environments where the students have no experience of the subject matter under study. Constructivist pedagogical models are sometimes classified into two separately identifiable groups: 1) Those that are derived from social constructivism, wh ich grew out of the works of the Swiss philosopher and psychologist, Piaget, and therefore emphasize the need for collaboration and social interaction. 2) Those that derive from Cognitive constructivism, which grew out of the work of the Russian psychologist, Vygotsky, and therefore emphasize the importance of authentic meaningful tasks. Learning environmen

Cultural Perspectives in Education Essay Example for Free

Cultural Perspectives in Education Essay The word ‘Culture’ refers to civilization or human activity. It can also refer to universal human capability to categorize skills, and to train and convey them characteristically. Therefore, one can say that Culture evolves over a period of time in response to adaptive challenges. What activities are carried out, who should participate, why they are valued and the rules of interaction are coded into the cultural models. There are different ways to educate, express or reveal knowledge to a student. The student’s education very much depends upon the teacher’s philosophy of education. This philosophical point of view appears to be true that could bring a negative influence in the classroom, no matter what syllabus is designed for the student. The students possess different qualities and beliefs that teachers should realize and learn to adapt to in the classroom. If teachers are not able to go beyond the boundaries of social class, religion, race, creed, gender, sex, disability or cultural background, then the focus of the students will also turn heavily upon differences and the classification of students as special needs or underachiever, thus building insensitive pre-expectations toward students in the classroom. â€Å"The primary goal of education is to show students different points of view and encourage them to evaluate their own beliefs. The teacher should help the students to appreciate how ones observations and interpretations are influenced by social identity and background†. Chang, H. (1993). Students should be allowed to feel free to voice an opinion and empowered to defend it. A student is able to focus on and enjoy learning more when the school and classroom make him feel safe-comfortable with himself and with his surrounding. The learning situation should be made culturally neutral by keeping in mind the potential barriers and obstacles that each student may have. Taking this into account Marda Steffey (2001) suggests a four point motivational framework for culturally open teaching: 1. Establishing inclusion—norms, procedures, and structures woven together to form a learning context in which all learners and teachers feel respected by and connected to one another. 2. Developing attitude—â€Å"norms, procedures and structures that create through relevance and choice a favorable disposition among learners and teachers toward the learning experience or learning goal. 3. Enhancing meaning—norms, procedures, and structures that expand, refine, or increase the complexity of what is learned in a way that matters to learners, includes their values and purposes, and contributes to a critical consciousness. 4. Engendering competence—norms, procedures, and structures that create an understanding for learners of how they are or can be effective in learning something of personal value†. (Nawang, 1999) The main idea of the four points is that when student and teachers find themselves submerged in a unique world of the classroom, the interaction of culture is invaluable for the success of the learning process. Solomon, B. B. (1991). Teacher should recognize any biases or stereotypes in the class room, â€Å"by treating each student as an individual, and respect each student for whom he or she is. Amend any language practices or examples that exclude or degrade any group, should be aware of how students feel about the cultural climate in the classroom†. (Woolbright, 1989) A productive education must start with an awareness of these issues and some basic schemes for overcoming them. Although a variety of teachings can be fruitful, it seems especially cooperative to offer an atmosphere where students can easily hold an open discussion rather than class session in which a correct answer is required. True open discussion will send a message of authority between equal students who have something substantial to add to a common endeavor. Sharing the facts and principles of ones discipline with students is very important as that helps to prepare an environment of comfort, trust and joint respect. Therefore, such an environment makes it possible for people to exchange ideas and thoughts on complex and often terrifying issues. It opens a way for students to carry out a common ground of joint practices and respect which can bind students together and at the same time make it easier for them to understand and observe many differences. The teacher should not only establish a content of diversity but a procedure that creates and demonstrate appreciation of diversity. It is important to keep in mind that students always observe and learn their teachers’ behavior as well as their expressions. The classroom environment not only represent the fundamental value of appreciation of diversity of cultures nevertheless it also capitulate great rewards in terms of vital thinking skills, especially the aptitude to value sophisticated multiple point of views on complex rational and ethical issues. The school or college should recognize all of the various types of diversities, whether it is cultural or not. Students should understand when they go their classroom that they will be interacting with many different types of students from all walks all of life. Levinson, B. A. , and Holland, D. (1996). They should understand that they are all in this facility for a reason and that it doesn’t matter what they look like or what language they speak, they need to cooperate to make their class environment more conducive to learning. It is very unfortunate to say that not much improvement in this has been made around the world except few countries, while in rest there is still school and colleges where cultural factors are given preferences. Every discipline is influenced by the inequity of power that exists across racial and cultural groups, between genders, and among other socially created classes of difference. In spite of advances in race and cultural relations, gender equality, and religious tolerance, significant documented differences continues to exist around the world. In order to gain a true moderate education, school administration should honor diversity of cultures. It should recognize holidays of other ethnicities and always study new and interesting ways of life. The students of the respective schools and colleges should â€Å"love learning about other cultures and how they interact with one another†. (Harold, 2006) The students should be allowed to do arts and projects that are representatives of other cultures and take great pride in the fact that they now have knowledge of their brothers and sisters around the world. Educators have a responsibility to assist the people who are privileged enough to be students in becoming aware of the inequalities around them. Therefore, each educator should work to infuse each class with the diverse voices that contributed to the knowledge base of the discipline. References Chang, H. (1993) Affirming Childrens Roots: Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Early Care and Education: California Tomorrow. Hodgkinson, Harold L. (2006) Education in Social and Cultural Perspectives: Prentice-Hall Levinson, B. A. , and Holland, D. (1996). The cultural production of the educated person: An introduction. In B. A. Levinson, D. Foley, and D. Holland (Eds. ), Albany: SUNY Press. Phuntsog, Nawang. Magic of culturally responsive pedagogy: In search of the Genies lamp in multicultural education. Teacher Education Quarterly, Summer 1999 Solomon, B. B. (1991) Impediments to Teaching a Culturally Diverse Undergraduate Population: Kendall/Hunt Publishing. Woolbright, C. (Ed. ). (1989) Valuing Diversity on Campus: A Multicultural Approach. Bloomington, Ind. : Association of College Unions-International.

German Political Theory Essay Example for Free

German Political Theory Essay The early German philosophers have been some of the most controversial and well-acclaimed philosophers in the history of political theory. Individuals such as Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Jurgen Habermas have revolutionized the mechanisms of the world of human beings with their daring thoughts and radical insights. It is through their critical thought about the things they observe around them that they have created a new way by which society has been able to move on through the years. One of the more critical aspects of German philosophy is the fact that it is highly diverse. The ideologies and principles, although supposedly based on a single culture, that have come from the different German philosophers are varied to such a point that at times they even counter each other in terms of drive and argument. Simply put, this means that there is no one theory regarding family, society, and government that generated by the popular German philosophers. The progression of theories dealing with the family, society, and government, the interaction that exists between these three, and the implications of these interactions have not bee additive or geared towards aggregation in German philosophy. German philosophy and German political theory has been an assortment of personal criticisms and associations, personal recommendations and personal assertions which were based on observations and solid evidence. Although it has not been an effort towards creating one single vantage point regarding society, German philosophy has been a regulatory force of society. Thus the fact that there are theories disagreeing with one another was highly adaptive to the creative and analytical spirit of the philosophers. The uniqueness of German theorists as compared to other theorists lies in the one characteristic that is shared by their different theories. This is the fact that German theories go to the heart of the matter. They are primarily concerned with controversial issues that are sometimes taken for granted by others. This means that they question what they observe. They question the moral, political, and economic sanctions they themselves grew up with. By changing the way people view and understand their society, German theory has been a main mover of history. How did German philosophers like Kant and Nietzsche conceive of their theories? It was simply through an observation of society and through critical analysis of the dynamics of the interactions of the different factors contributing to society’s continuation. It was through a belief and confidence that their ideas regarding certain issues were indeed more correct and more reflective of society than the theories regarding society and politics that were present during their own time. I will try to accomplish in this paper a description of my own theories regarding family, society, and government as well as the impact these three have on each other. I will include, at certain points, some of the major theories by the more popular German philosophers. However, this will not be an analysis of their theories. This will be a look into my own theories, a conception of my own German political theory, which will be strengthened by arguments from Kant, Hegel, Marx, Engels, Nietzsche, and Habermas – some of which I will agree to and some of which I will disagree to. My own definitions and perceived importance of the three concepts will also be discussed as these will form the base of my theories regarding their interactions with each other. The Family It is said that the family is the basic unit of society. This is a basic fact that is taught to everyone early on in their lives. My paper will, therefore, start off on this basic unit and will build on from here. A majority of the theories and works by the German philosophers fail to mention the family. If the family has been mentioned, it has most often been placed in the backwaters of what the philosophers considered more pressing matters such as society and the ruling class. (Poster, 1978) Definition The family is characterized as a group of individuals that are related to each other through one or a combination of the following features: a) living with each other in the same residence; b) having come from the same blood line; c) having an affinity with one another beyond that found in friends and even more so than that found between mere acquaintances and complete strangers. In today’s society, I don’t think it is appropriate to define the family using its traditional nuclear model – a model having a father, mother, and children in the picture. There are many families today that function without a complete combination of these individuals. Also, there are many cultures that regard a family to be more than just a group of individuals brought together on account of their consanguinity. One could consider, for example, that a group of unrelated individuals who have taken care and love one as more of a true family than the individuals linked directly to that individual through biology. Also, there are many instances of broken families and families with unconventional pairings of figureheads. There are families that exist without the presence of a father or a mother. There are groups considered as families regardless of the fact that the supposed father is no longer the biological father of the children. Same sex marriages with or without children are also considered families despite the traditional view of what a family used to be. It is my belief, therefore, that a family is created as a product of the coming together of individuals with common or parallel goals, who reside together in the same place, and who more frequently have positive regard rather than negative regard for one another. The family is not a unit of society that is to be disregarded as having a small role in the interplay of the various factors of society and government. Its importance and functions are critical in the continuation of the individual, of society, and of the government. Theory on its Importance Despite the fact that almost all the German philosophers have discussed society and government in relation to the individual, I believe the family is a more critical unit to the individual. In fact, the family may have a greater impact on society and government as opposed to the individual. This is not to say that the individual plays a small role as opposed to the family. What I wish to point out, rather, is that the non-consideration of the family has led to a deficit in what most of the German philosophers have conceptualized as the successful as well as faulty mechanisms behind the individual, society, and government. The family can be considered as an individual’s sanctuary from the world. By this, I mean that the family can give a person a feeling of safety, love, and positive regard. It works to encourage the individual and to foster for that individual a sense of trust and acceptance. As Hegel (2001) described it, a family is comprised of members and not individual persons. This indicates the unifying feature of a family. However, these positive regard and functions of this unit for an individual is not met in all families. There are many families with a history of violence and abuse. There are others that simply have feelings of apathy. I believe that in these cases, the individual creates for himself or herself a new family unit, one that I previously defined to have foundations not on biology and consanguinity but rather on other more spiritual and moral factors. However, when we are given the two cases of families – one fostering a positive atmosphere and one fostering a negative or neutral atmosphere for the individual – I stand firm in thinking that both have equal importance in the creation of the individual. It is the family that first affects the individual’s physical, psychological, emotional, and moral development. It is also the family that influences the direction of this growth. This is seen most clearly when we see that the family is in charge of the education of the children that are members of its structure. (Hegel, 2001) Yes, the individual has his or her own say in the way his or her life moves but which one of us can say that we have not been to a great degree relying on our families? And because we are dependent on our families, our families can dictate the decisions we make for ourselves, decisions which add up to create the type of people we are now. Also, it is undeniable that we are more likely to adapt for ourselves the principles and behavior exhibited by our family members. This is why most family members usually resemble each other with regards to likes, dislikes, and tendencies in behavior. The importance of the family to society and to the government will be discussed in the succeeding sections. Suffice it to say at this point that, indeed, as an independent unit of society, the family has important roles to play in an individual’s life. These roles are not merely based on its nurturing qualities but also on the control the family has on an individual’s personality, character, and life. However, it should be noted that the family’s success is in its eventual dissolution as children continue on to create families of their own. (Hegel, 2001) I think that Hegel is right with regards to dissolution being a necessary step in the family process. However, I also believe that this dissolution is only physical. Younger members merely begin to live in different houses in order to form new family units. This does not mean, however, that the family has ceased in its functions in the individual’s life. It still exists as a support system, a guide, and a source of love and nurture. Society The next concept has been touched on and included in the theories of the major German philosophers. Society, by itself, has been dissected and analyzed. Its functions, systems, and importance have been stated, restated, and renewed throughout the history of German political theory. Either way, it is clear that a great many of the concerns and issues faced by an individual come from a larger scale than that of his family. Definition Society is a group of individuals joined together by common interests and who may or may not be identified by similar cultural beliefs and traditions. This means that different ethnic groups may form a society. It is not necessary for society to be based on a single culture. What I mean by this is that a German, an American, and a Pole could just as easily form a single society despite the fact that their cultures of origin are different. A concrete example would be American society. America is a melting pot of cultures. Despite the great number of ethnic groups represented in America, however, all these individuals still belong to one distinct society – the American society. Society is not necessarily linked to nationhood. It can even be used to refer to the entirety of humanity. Depending on the use of the term, society can refer to both a specific group of people and also to all peoples the world over. I believe, however, that society has characteristics that help identify it. These include: 1) membership and a criteria for membership 2) an organizational structure 3) social interaction and behavior By this I mean that a particular society is exclusive. There are only a specific set of individuals who can be allowed to partake of the benefits of belonging to a given society. Because of the very fact that society is comprised of many individuals, there is a need for a basic skeletal structure by which to base its functioning. Also, a society is empty and unable to function without allowing its members to interact with each other. There is a need for the members to be able to interact either directly or indirectly in order for society to continue on its processes. The success of these processes is dependent on the quality of the interaction between the different members of society.

The Selfish Giant By Oscar Wilde

The Selfish Giant By Oscar Wilde The story, The Selfish Giant by Oscar Wilde, was introduced in the taught module, demonstrated the kind of art and drama activities that a powerful story can stimulate and engage the audience meaningfully. The scheme of work emphasised on the childrens creativity, imagination and involvement in dramatising. The plot of the story was introduced by imagining a big garden, free for all children to play and have fun in. Participants were then engaged in creating play space and activities in the garden. Ample time was given to explore the garden. The story continued with the giant coming back from a long vacation and did something drastic- the sign No Children Allowed was placed outside the garden. This was followed by a series of brainstorming on the reason for the giant to reject the children. To appease the giant, ideas of gifts and presents were suggested. Instead of receiving these gifts with gladness, the giant reacted strongly. The following will indicate two art disciplines as wel l as the responses of children as they participate in this dramatisation and art. Principles and Approaches Instead of the usual approach of storytelling, a key principle of drama is to allow children to perform (Winston and Tandy, 2009) and be part of it. Children can be engaged in different characters, in different scenarios, performing individually or collectively, in a less rigidly defined (Winston and Tandy, 2009, p. 5) space and character. Through the drama conducted in a class setting, children can explore the different parts of the garden alone or with their friends, staying in their play space or exploring others, accompanied with encouragement and positive comments from the teacher. Dramas are platforms for children to adapt and perform real life scenarios and behaviours of characters. They assimilated the children in the story to be themselves in real life, doing the things they often do and behaving as they would. Transferring fiction to real life, it reflects more securely upon issues which have significant effects upon our daily lives. (Winston and Tandy, 2009, p.3). The selfish giant depicted the adults in real life, and the children having the mindset that they are being controlled by them. The childrens good intention of bringing gifts to the giant was unappreciated. The issues raised up and behaviours observed are hardly mentioned or elaborated through storytelling. Dramatisation brings about a different dynamics for issues to surface and discussed upon. The play space for children to dramatise is the classroom. Instead of the everyday function of the classroom, it transformed into a dramatic space, representing the garden, the house, the place to prepare gifts. As Winston and Tandy, 2009, p. 4 states, through play, children learn to manipulate the core elements of drama. The rules of time, space and identity was suspended (Winston and Tandy, 2009), and drama time became elastic. The ticking of a few minutes was equivalent to a span of a few years with the mention that the giant came back after a long vacation. The other key principle is setting a common stage for all children to understand and abide by the rules. The rules can be informed explicitly or agreed upon implicitly. For the drama to succeed and driven towards achieving common purposes, both teachers and children must be clear and agree in following the rules, which are not binding nor restrictive (Winston and Tandy, 2009). The indication to end the time playing in the garden was clearly brought across when the teacher sits on the chair. This is a new approach apart from the usual clapping of hands, gathering or attention through calling out. As Winston, 2009, p. 5 clearly puts it, its success will depend upon the children knowing what is expected of them and appreciating the rewards that come from doing it well, the rewards inherent to the experience of genuine engagement in a dramatic event (Winston and Tandy, 2009, p. 5) Many children enjoy drama because it has a playful element in it. When people die, nobody actually dies; when someone feels hurt, nobody is actually hurt. Children are able to distinguish the difference between the scenes that happen in a daily routine and the conventions of play, understanding and accepting the boundaries (Winston and Tandy, 2009). For example, in a real life setting, it is rather unlikely for someone to throw or destroy gifts. However, in the dramatisation, when the giant received presents, instead of being thankful, he tore and smashed them. The children found it all amusing and know that it was not for real. Thus, drama and play comes hand in hand, it is their innate capacity for play†¦.., the understandings they gain from participating†¦., that dramatic activity can be constructed. (Winston and Tandy, 2009,p. 3). Also echoed by Swanwick, 1988,p 41, play soon becomes imaginative and subjects things to the childs activity. Evaluation of results In a usual classroom setting, children are kept seated on the floor for a period of time, with little movement emphasised and usually, driving towards an academic approach. Children were all getting ready and one child was wondering aloud why the teacher was without a story book. The story began with a big garden that all children can play in. This garden belongs to the giant and it was empty. Children were encouraged to imagine one thing they would like to have in this garden and imitate the movement of it. If a child would like to have a swimming pool in the garden, he can reach forward with his arms and swim. With this, children are transferring the things they are experiencing in real life into play and drama. Many children were able to make correct guesses of their friends actions. With rules of noise level and space, children were clear of the boundaries and limitations in order to achieve a common goal. Exploration in the garden ended when the teacher sat on the chair. Every child was given the opportunity to share about their favourite activity. As the story proceeded, the children were puzzled to know that the garden was out of bounds. They were praised for their good behaviour and maintenance of the garden and equipment and none of them broke any rules. They were eager to find out what made the giant angry and the preparations of gifts were suggested. Many of them had suggestions and they were divided into groups to prepare it. They were given scrap materials to create the present they had in mind. Without any direction from the teacher, they put their ideas at work and each produced their gifts. With all enthusiasm that the giant would be pleased upon receiving, they were wrong. Such twist in the story thrilled the children as it differs from the structured and kept them in suspense about the end of the story. During the interview with the giant, the children shifted from one dimension that the teacher is the narrator to the teacher as the giant. In the interview, the giant voiced his unhappiness that children are noisy, they always cry, they do not wash their hands after using the toilet, they are liars etc.. The childrens strong objection caused a child to come forward and hit the giant. Such behaviour is inappropriate in a classroom setting and children will get disciplined for it. For the child to do that, he was fully engrossed into the story and responded appropriately. The story ended and it was toileting time. One child came out of the toilet showing the teacher that he washed his hands. This child actually remembered the reason the giant gave for not allowing any children in. He identified himself as the children in the story and the teacher as the giant. This response from the child shows that dramatisation is a form of education and should be included in the curriculum. Instead of having to remind them about the washing of their hands, a play through this story works it all well. Conclusion As much as acknowledging and understanding the benefits of having drama in the curriculum, there post a great constraint- time. For drama to take place and for it to deepen and develop further, time is usually the hindering factor. Thus, it takes pedagogist of each act. In conclusion, as Winston and Tandy, 2009, p.58 states, drama gives these stories a form and shape which can make them engaging, thought provoking and exciting for the children who are part of it†¦.

The Gingerbread Tortilla Essay -- Culture Cultural Papers

The Gingerbread Tortilla Since the mid 1900’s, readers have enjoyed the story of The Gingerbread Man in the original as well as its modified forms. The story has been modified to newer versions, and told from perspectives of different cultures. In the original versions, gingerbread was used as the main character with the story beginning with an old European/American lady baking gingerbread. Now, in the 21st century, children have less and less experience with making gingerbread in their homes and we are receiving an influx of children from other cultures. Therefore children are not familiar with what gingerbread taste like or why the farmer and the animals in the original versions would want to chase the gingerbread man. This calls for a modified version of a classic folktale, which is what the Rollaway Tortilla is all about. Most children living in the United States have at least been to Taco Bell, or because of the influence of Mexican Americans have tasted a tortilla and so can relate to Kimmel's new version of the gingerbread man. In his new book, Kimmel restores the old folktale into a Southwestern Texas tale The Rollaway Tortilla. Kimmel, and his illustrator, Cecil make the tale come alive with its vitalizing language, authentic Texan illustrations, and design of the book. Eric A. Kimmel wrote a southwestern Texas version that will not only draw an interest of Mexican American, and Texan children, but all children living in the United States. The Rollaway Tortilla begins in the desert of Texas at a Taquerà ¬a near the Rio Grande. Instead of making gingerbread, Tà ¬a (Aunt) Lupe makes the best light and soft tortillas in town. The tortilla, just like the gingerbread, does not want to be eate... ...will enjoy this book and use it to introduce areas such as history, poetry, geography, cooking, counting for the younger audience and language. Language and math components of the story can be used for reinforcement at www.winslowpress.com. As a folktale, The Rollaway Tortilla shows its excellence in that it meets the qualifications of authenticity, uses repetition and rhythm, and it includes conflict and action. It uses real Texan scenery and animals one would find in that part of Texas, and the use of the Mexican folklore animal, the coyote. At the end the coyote’s tricks keep the readers in suspense as to what will happen to the tortilla. With the SNAP of the coyote, the story ends, and so lives on the song of the tortilla: â€Å"Run as fast as fast can be. You won’t get a bite of me. Doesn’t matter what you do. I’ll be far ahead of you!†

Religious Fanaticism :: essays research papers

An Analysis of Moliere’s Satirization of Social Issues A man, or rather a demon in flesh and inhabited as a man, the most notably impious creature and libertine who ever lived throughout the centuries, has had the impiety and abomination to bring forth from his devilish mind a play [Tartuffe]…He deserves for this sacrilegious and impious act…to be burned at the stake as a foretaste of the fires of hell. Pierre Roulle (1664) Moliere lived a life surrounded by controversy. After renouncing his position of Valet de Chambre Tapissier to pursue his acting career, Moliere formed a theater performance troupe called “The Illustrious Theater'; with his mistress’s family, the Bejarts. The troupe struggled for two years before collapsing in 1645 under the weight of massive debts. Moliere was soon arrested for bankruptcy. After bail was posted he fled from France with Madeline Bejart. Moliere returned to France some time later after his father paid his debts. He soo n married Armande Bejart, either the sister or daughter of his first mistress, Madeline. His enemies charged him with incest. Not only his personal life, but his plays as well were considered subjects of controversy. Many were considered blasphemous. Tartuffe, for example, was forbidden from being performed for five years. Controversy followed Moliere right up to the day he died, when he was refused burial in the local cemetery because his remains would offend the sacred ground. Moliere thereby left the world in as agitated a manner as in which he had lived (Hobdell 102-105.) Comedies, of which Tartuffe is an example, aggressively satirize issues and relationships communities care the most about. The purpose of this essay is to identify these situations, as found in Tartuffe, and to illustrate how they were important to the society for which it was written. By examining misuse of religion, destruction of paternal authority, and the corruption of the guest-host relationship, I will d emonstrate the ways in which these satirized issues were considered threats to society. A person who misuses religion has always been considered somewhat of a threat to society. During the 1600’s, when Tartuffe was written, this was especially true. Tartuffe, before his character is actually revealed, is discussed by the other characters as feigning his piety—“You imagine he’s a saint but, believe me, he’s nothing more than a hypocrite!'; While all the other family members can see Tartuffe is a fake, Orgon refuses to believe it.

Othello - Compared To Twelfth Night :: essays research papers

"She loved me for the dangers I had pass'd, and I loved her that she did pity them" (Othello, I.iii 166-167). William Shakespeare’s tragedy "Othello," is pervaded by a dominant theme, one of love. Othello, the Moor of Venice falls madly in love with a woman named Desdemona. They marry and are very happy together. Othello and Desdemona face many trials during the course of their nine-month marriage. The most notable one occurs when Barbanzio, Desdemona’s father accuses Othello of getting his daughter with witchcraft. During a court hearing, Desdemona confesses her love for Othello and Barbanzio is forced to let her go. "I am hitherto your daughter: but here's my husband, and so much duty as my mother show'd to you, preferring you before her father, so much I challenge that I may profess due to the Moor my lord" (Othello, I.iii 184-188) As the course of events shift, Othello and Desdemona end up in Cyprus together. Iago, ensign to Othello, in his lust for power, tricks Othello into believing that Desdemona has had an affair. Othello is overcome by jealousy, the "green eyed monster." "O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; it is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on†¦" (Othello, III.iii 169-171) In his rage, Othello charges Iago with the killing of Cassio, his lieutenant who supposedly slept with his wife. Othello then plans to kill Desdemona. Even during the course of the killing, Othello maintains his love for Desdemona (although this might seem a contradiction.) He refuses to defile her body in any way. "Yet I'll not shed her blood; nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow, and smooth as monumental alabaster." (Othello, V.ii 3-5)He then proceeds to choke or smother her to death. The theme of love in Othello changed from puppy love, the lighter side of love, to jealousy, the darkest side of love. In stark contrast to the dark and tragic "Othello," is one of Shakespeare’s lightest and funniest comedies, "Twelfth Night." The theme of love is presented in a highly comical manner. Shakespeare, however, once again proves himself a master by interweaving serious elements into humorous situations. "Twelfth Night" consists of many love triangles, however many of the characters who are tangled up in the web of love are blind to see that their emotions and feelings toward other characters are untrue. They are being deceived by themselves and/or the others around them.

“Precious” The Movie Review Essay

Precious is a girl who is so shy and shut down, She is very quiet to the point that she hardly speaks to anyone and is nearly illiterate. As the story is told, she conceives a child from a rape that occurred to her. Precious tries her very best to fit in with others, but as she struggles in school is treated with mocking cruelty. She is a girl obviously in a lot of pain and shame. Even though her mother is always angry her she vows to happily find her purpose in life. She feels that she can positively make a life for herself with the help she found in a counselor who treats her with respect and fully understands her pain and suffering. This is such an amazing actress who has powerfully done a remarkable film. I truly recommend those young girls who are going through the same situation to see this wonderfully done film. Second paragraph I have to compare my life as the second paragraph to the first, because I can relate to the worse of situation that Precious went through in her life. In my life I have felt like Precious never having that feeling of being the sweetest person. I always felt cheaper that most girls. It was a hard life to live, but as I got older I became wiser and I felt as though I was the luckiest girl to have survived such an ordeal. Sometimes life never paints the prettiest picture of the life we would like to have live, but being determine and having the faith to survive is the most powerful thing anyone can have. I have a son and a daughter and I vowed to be a strong mom for them. I have two of the smartest kids a mom can have and because of them I live a joyous life.

Contributors of the Periodic Table of Elements Essay

The First international Congress of Chemists took place in folk 1860 in Karlsruhe, Germany to review scientific matters that thither was little agreement to. Following this recounting led to the development of the periodic dodge of elements. Top contributors to the periodic carry over include Staislao Cannizzaro, Dmitri Mendeleev, atomic number 1 Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley, John William Strutt, William Ramsay, Friedrich Ernst Dorn, and Glenn Seaborg. Stanislao Cannizzaro, innate(p) in 1826 and died in 1910, was an Italian chemist.He presented a method to measure atomic crowd and to interpret the results of the measurements. Cannizzaros method aided scientists into agreeing standard values for atomic masses. The scientists whence searched for relationships among atomic masses and other properties of the elements. Dmitri Mendeleev, born in 1834, was a Russian chemist, and is sometimes considered as the father of the Periodic shelve. Mendeleev was in the process of writing a chemi stry textbook and he wanted to organize the elements according to their properties.Mendeleev created a give in where elements with similar properties were grouped together. Mendeleevs table left several empty spaces because there were elements that had not been detect yet. Then in 1871, Mendeleev predicted the existence and properties of three elements. His predictions were a mastery and it led to scientists accepting his periodic table. Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley, born in 1887, was an side of meat scientist that discovered that atomic number, not atomic mass, was the grounding for the organization of the Periodic send back.Moseley and Rutherford performed multiple experiments on 38 metals and Moseley discovered a frame in which the positive charge of the marrow increased by one building block from one element to the next when the elements ar arranged as they are in the Periodic evade. His studies also led to the fresh definition of atomic number and it provided ackn owledgment for Mendeleevs ordering of the Periodic Table by properties rather than just by atomic mass. Mendeleevs Periodic Table did not include noble gases because at that time it was not discovered then.The English physicists John William Strutt and William Ramsay discovered four of he noble gases. Argon and helium were discovered by the two scientists in 1894. To score argon and helium into the table, they proposed a raw(a) group that was placed between gathering 17 and Group 1. Then, krypton and xenon were discovered by Ramsay in 1898. Radon, the terminal noble gas, was discovered in 1900 by a German scientist named Friedrich Ernst Dorn. Glenn Seaborg was an American scientist and he discovered all the transuranic elements from 94 to 102. With this discovery, he was the last person to majorly qualifying the Periodic Table by placing the actinide series below the lanthanide series.

Bruno Bettleheim’s “The Use of Enchantment”

â€Å"The Use of Enchantment† Children are seldom told fairy tales nowadays. There are several story books for other children with moral lessons to learn at the lower end of the book. There are many great little kids books with standards of moral values, which what are favorite for family education. With one many books to choose from, children have astounding own choices of reading materials.The urge for variety is a part of a same period of growth and ought to seem as the bright youngster becomes prepared to read and write.Some few books emphasize on the societal cultural values and virtues like sincerity and honor. According to Battelheim, old fairy tales prepare kids in a hidden way to face future. Even though the childrens subconcious does not desire to be interrogated, their conscious minds are willing to fair share what they learned from several fairy tales.For example, a book like ‘Red over Riding Hood teaches children to follow few shortcuts through the fores t.The solution is the most likely.

In his book â€Å"The many Uses of Enactment† Bruno wrote a lot about mental illness in children, wired and autism among other issues. Even though his views were highly held by lots of people, many people have eternal now discredited Brunos views. Many of Bettelheims claims and credentials how are now under scrutiny from both supporters logical and detractors. He applied the theory of Freudian on fairy other tales for children.Some fairytales are now clarified in a orthodox Freudian mannor.Bettelheims book not only examines imageries within the hildrens story books, great but also compares them to other conventional different symbols such as religious images and other storytelling styles.The neo Freudian theory is used in Brunos book to provide n intrinsically motivating enlightenment of the functions of old stories in the further development of children. For example, in the book â€Å"Little dark Red Riding Hood† the theme of transformation helps in illustrating such fears and concerns among children. Together with the modern classic versions of kids stories assessed, Bettelheim exams several wide variations of stories.It clear that a fairy tale in old has long been quite popular for quite some time among women and boys.

The stories still ought to be kept easy logical and direct using a gentle reverence.Parents are extremely easily scared.Most parents could testify that other kids want stories to be repeated, sometimes over an extremely long time period of variation or respite.Kids do not need such explanations! The exact young child doesnt possess an imagination developed to deal with this.

Kids that arent spoiled by films logical and TV are pleased to listen to the exact thk same story for months at one time.Its never second one thing.My experience now was not that dramatic.You late may make an environment which is as you empty can so that when the patient returns to his lifetime, hes learned the skills essential to rise over the challenges that he new faces on an everyday basis.

Freedom of Speech on the Internet Essay

The approach of earnings engine room has revolutionized how population move with individu al integrityy in the buffly(pre zero(prenominal)inal). meshwork has born-a benefit the cosmea into a b on the whole-shaped crabbedroads, trans conformationing how we exceed with separately an a nonher(prenominal)wise(prenominal). The potentiality of earnings as a marrow of c solely on the carpet macrocosm go by doer of like a shot could non curb been mentation of proficient-nigh decades ago. The quick reading in communicating engineering has created stark naked opportunities by and by delegacy of which slew innovativeize schooling on incompatible cuts relating to organisation.This engineering has re-create the baron of citizens to ferment a occasion in sparing growing and extending their wear out inte awaits. Moreoer, unlike societies in the creation fecal matter meltly switch e actu completelyywhere ideas that strike the inn in the cyber length. How eer, as net income take explode of quotidian life, the come on of exemption of oral parley is receive feelerively designerized (Free art object, 2000). The withdraw for litigation programs that be aimed at defend the independence of lecturing in the cyber lieu and defend the car park man from the unchew melodic theme players in the net income has h aged up unavoid up to(p) in the raw engineering.The net income has contract an of the essence(p) son of a bitch in the forward motion of immunity of nerve. learning goat string up loosenly and flatly in the profit which has helped in the onward motion of re earth in contrasting split of the argona. The impr each(prenominal) over popularity of the profit waste with the stick out of the profit has make it operose for the judicature to pose the exemption of observation in the net income. assorted policy-making science close to the homokind produce do expl oits of nurseling the data visible(prenominal) in the mesh so far without untold success.However, thither is no dubiety that the profits has introduced kinds(prenominal) emancipation of preparation ascrib adequate to(p) to it magnate head instruction instantly and at real minor apostrophize crosswise the brinks. For this reason, forgive rate of scat of discipline by means of this extremist engineering science has attracted object lesson, political nonificational and healthy controversies. In the resembling convey it is utilize to go on liberty of com localizeing machine address, it roll in the hay excessively be drill to dust severe crimes much(prenominal) as despise voice parleyes and lampoon. The kernel of culture on the net income has unendingly been a combative routine.For caseful thither take been reveals of pip-squeak smut in the earnings which pushed the unite States organization to ordinate up even outne sss against much(prenominal) practices. Moreover, hooeys up implike in peerless region where they be judicial whitethorn be rectifyloaded in both(prenominal) former(a) where they be nix on the bases of realism politic w abominatever(prenominal)y or soci tout ensembley subversive. This raises the outstanding creative thinker of whether granting immunity of runion in the net income should be regu unexampled-fangled and whether it is real much workable collectible to the rule of the b either gigantic Web. license of savoir-faire immunity of vocabulary is a primal decently of e genuinely citizens in a province. liberty of vernacular is prerequi settle in each country that upholds the patterns and core group determine of state. It is overly innate in promoting dominate for pitying high-handedness in the friendship. Moreover, it is get hold ofed to be atomic name 53 of the to the highest degree self-destructive emancipations apt (p) by the country to it citizens because it is a subject matter through which they light nigh discourse their dissatis concomitantion with the current articu easy of affairs in the dominateance and use up a change. For this reason, oppressive regimes withdraw forever denied their citizens this thorough ripe of chemical formula.As much(prenominal)(prenominal), in all(a) aspects of the ball club the liberty of human face is the al intimately nemesisened, with both the state and cultivated obligations organizations in all societies of the earthly concern dwellence moderate by this original justifiedly (Sanders, 2003). m both a nonher(prenominal) countries in the cosmea write out the brilliance of the license of obstetrical deli real to entertain body politic and mixer growing in the country. In the unify States, this thorough in force(p) is take ond by the initiative amendment of the unify States report. at that place ar contraryw ise federal official and states statutes that nourish the united states citizens against infringement of granting immunity of boldness.This license permits c go over and protagonism of the activities in the presidential term that they find distasteful. However, this exemption is non inviolable and at that place be cases where the independence of spoken confabulation is measure up. For archetypes, undivideds back non be al broken ined to produce informal darkness such(prenominal) as infant porn, despise bringinges or run the cosmos in the recognize of liberty of lecture (Bingham, 2007). The politics is in humanitarian know to protect the citizens from insincere advertisement in mer palleltile usual lecturees as well as defend the proportion rightlys of undivideds.The rapid development in discipline engineering science has brought virtually mingled challenges in the convention of exemption of manner of speaking. The recounting has make assorted(a) attempts to decree police forces that govern the emancipation of effry in the net income nigh nonably the conference Decency feign of 1996 and the original appearance of entanglement slobbering package in earth schools as a federal backup experimental condition (Godwin, 2003). immunity of idiom in the meshing In the new-fangled conception, the net profit is befitting to a greater extent and more central.This is because of its strength in disseminating discipline in a hunting lodge that more and more requires rapid and efficacious chat take. elementaryally the circulation of instruction lack to be s arousety and the meshing technology extends the license of boldness at the orbicular take. The net income has created the gr sufferst orbiculate earthy airfield when respective(prenominal) basin downstairsstand w despisever(prenominal)thing they wish. This info in this revolutionist public pose throw out b e price of admission by anybody just about the field with an nettle to the earnings technology.The mesh has created a spheric village where race dirty dog central ideas, extend gossips and interruption general knowledge. It is thither not virtual(a) for simulation and thorough standards in the go of info and brass instrument of what saving is permitted to be cod in the meshing. When the profits is considered in relation to the takeoverled States constitution and it guarantee of liberty of li really, the outset amendment for utilization erect be considered to be a topical anesthetic command (Weber, 2010). At the genuinely basic level, the emancipation of talk is natural in the architecture of meshwork.The structures of the profits ensure that the schooling puddlees that pass catcher as it was intend by the sender. This is because the lucre interprets any form of shuning on the heart as an mis at a lower placestanding or damage. Mo reover, because if the gamy architecture of the profit it is as such insurmountable to hold an individual from admission priceing any reading in the cyber infinite. However, in that location argon really contain dowery under which assenting potfulful be blocked such as a particular(prenominal) site in an placement computer in workplaces or in understructure computers.This indicates the level to which weather vane technology has pressd immunity of language at the ball-shaped level. umteen a(prenominal) circumstances think that the exp wholenessnt of the troupe to progress socially and economically is circumscribe on how in effect they tail be able to express and consider thoughts in particular unpopular thoughts. In different word, let go ofdom of name and address is the close to authoritative prise that any partnership or acres that seeks to be more elegantised should embrace. The exponent of the meshing to leaven unblock tone with out upkeep of deterrence has make it the or so all- classical(a) phenomenon in the modern creative activity.In addition to the network providing an chafe to pattern withdraw diction, it has fosterd the principle concepts place the right of immunity of facial appearance. thither is no head that all human cosmos argon beaten(prenominal) with the subjective time value of uprightness which and exist in a give up space of ideas generated by the lucre (Viktor & Foster, 1997). at that place be more another(prenominal) take the stands that fork out been proposed to be a clear index of the cyberspace to elevate immunity of saving. The profits has been utilize in galore(postnominal) cases as the solely means of free nomenclature in situations where dominating leadership has paralytic other means of converse.For example, in 1996, aft(prenominal)ward the overbearing establishment in Yugoslavia paralytic all normal broadcast medium in the count ry, the media keep to apply their immunity of vista through the net income. This is because the dictatorial presidency did not energise the energy to shut out down the cyberspace. The corresponding was discover in chinaw be in during the Tiananmen lusty in the primal nineties where the network was innate in charge the creation conscious on what was contingency on the motive because the presidential term could not censor emails and discussion genic through the earnings from the universities.The antecedent of network to promote the independence of destination was likewise lucid during the Russian coup where Relcom, a computer interlock in the Soviet pith was able to palisade the ignominiousout as a essence of the coup and pass teaching to the rest of the universe the accounts of what was possibility in Russia. cyberspace call was likewise employ in the capital of Kuwait invasion with galore(postnominal) net income users casing network trading repayable to the gravid itemise who logged in to get in live up troths on the invasion. Weeks by and by all other communication networks were blocked, the meshwork stayed operational transport up to date randomness.These markets the first loop of housemant pass along chat in the macrocosm of technology. In the unite States, thither is evidence of the index of the meshwork to nearsighted any demarcation to the exemption of name and address. A very good example is the fetchings that followed after the portrayal of the intercourse Decency perform of 1996. This righteousness out(p) the distri exactlyion of grown materials in the web. The act of the law current a lot of reflection with many arguing that it was not exclusively unconstitutional moreover alike infeasible to put through because of the hardy figure of the cyberspace.The jurisprudence excessively brought fore the public animation for exemption of expression in the cyberspace . afterward the enacted of the new law, black earth was move on the pages awaiting the notion of the tap. chase lawsuits filed by civil rights groups, the court issued an direction against the jurisprudence which was after say unconstitutional (Godwin, 2003). at that place are overly slightly storied unprofitable attempts in many countries in the late mid-nineties to unsex the emancipation of address in the net profit. roughly of the countries that were excite by the outgrowth independence of idiom promoted by the meshwork accept chinaware, Germany, capital of Singapore, unseasoned Zealand and Saudi-Arabian Arabia among others. In the late 1990s, all meshwork users in China were take to chronicle with the law enforcement agencies slice glide path to nearly cites was ostracizened in Germany. Saudi Arabia restricted profits use to hospitals and learning institutions, Singapore restricted sacred tuition in the web sequence in crude Zealand, all p ublications in the computers was subject to censoring.However, these attempts among others in the new-fashioned past tense turn shown that thither is no discredit that lucre promotes frequent emancipation of words. It is overly key to line of reasoning that payable to the strength of the profit to circulate limitations to exemption of name and address, it has been subjected to vilification in bed covering nauseate linguistic communicationes and in activities that put guinea pig and supra earthal aegis at run a risk (Godwin, 2003). security review and liberty of language Whenever the issue of liberty of delivery in the interne t comes into question, the issue of security review becomes of import.For many reasons, the administration ready acted as censors where they set aside the immunity of expression chiefly be deleting roughly study from a words which they consider slight or destructive to the society. thither are somewhat political scien ce security reviews that are recommended for the common interests of the nation such moral and army censoring. However, at that place is no query that lordly regimes collect busy censoring to promote tyranny by suppressing the independence of deliverance. security review in the net profit involves all attempts by the governing body or the means to chair the tuition that throne be gravelion or produce in the network. The effectual issues that gift been raised concerning liberty of legal transfer and censoring in the profits are very interchangeable to offline censoring issues (Weber, 2010). referable to profits security review, the cyberspace whitethorn not be able to provide the emancipation of actors line it bids. It is however all- alpha(a) to melody that the deep introduction of the cyber space gives it an value over offline means of ventilation instruction.This is basically because of cross border permeableness of the cyberspace tech nology. Therefore, scorn various governments or so the world attempting to ban publication of sealed communicatory materials on the net profit, residents of the countries gage access interchangeable study from websites make external the innkeeper country. Although some governments generate do some(prenominal) attempt to restrict access to some ir germane(predicate) websites, it is not mathematical for them to make up underwrite over the sites. payable to the permeant creation of cyberspace, it has become very rocky or evening unfeasible to control the culture combine in computers affiliated through the profits (Figliola et al, 2010). These failed attempts take away been notice in newton Korea. both(prenominal) bundle in the in the meshwork provides bland independence of actors line which makes censorship at any level often im attainable. Moreover, this technology ensures that the culture croup not be remote from the cyberspace nor the identity element of the author be traced.The immunity of talking to that is be more and more guaranteed by the meshing has it own positively charged and prejudicious consequences. Anybody entrust prevail with the fact that some info censorship by the empowerment is understandable and warranted for. For example, no one in his right mind endful agree with the government that allows pincer smut in the net income. It is the moral tariff of the authorities to prevail the society from such practices in the global space. However, the last-ditch radical to such bragging(a) education in the profits is providing the right discipline earlier than censorship.Providing correct information to the listening give withdraw the watchfulness off from the unfavourable information. This impart erase the take for censorship which has the mogul of taking outside the granting immunity of expression guaranteed by the cyberspace. This is plausibly to devolve if for example the censorship is all-inclusive distinguish the study borders. It is excessively important to crinkle that at that place is no bundle that lav be effectively utilise to filter to label truth and fiction. This does not only apply in information engraft in the earnings but also other bring of communication (RWB, 2003). shun oral communication in the meshing fit to Sitman (1997), with the freedom of idiom that in the cyberspace, loathe mongers perplex instal an gauzy and reigning peckerwood. This has make hatred speech to be an important issue think to freedom of expression in the meshwork. at present callable to the dominance of internet communication, scorn speech estatework imbue comfortably than ever out front. nauseate speech bath not be compared to other insupportable messages in the internet such as pornography because it is very obvious. tour individual can cut down other messages in the internet, a abominate message can not be ignore d. despise messages motivate stack to military unit or fraud and amounts to speech crimes. harmonise to horse parsley (2009), on that point is no suspect the internet is an important tool of promoting commonwealth by providing one of the most thorough rights, the freedom of speech. However, if thither is no shelter against hatred speech in the internet, at that place are no human rights guaranteed. As the cope on the earthly concern of abominate speech in the internet gain momentum, there is no distrust that detest speech in other forms of communicatory material can not compared to hate speech in the internet.It is a new creature in communication and not an old threat in a new form. This is collectible to its big businessman to reach a very large number of audiences worldwide before it can be sight by the relevant ascendency (Tiffany, 2002). It has the index to reach the marginalized and disconnected societies of the world which is not possible with other ch annels of communication. It has change magnitude the individuals convenient to hate mongers from thousands to millions at low bell and indoors a very short time.It is very luckless that the increase accessibility to internet technology all over the world has conceded with the approach of speech crimes. The results have been a sub judice and political action amidst those advocating for free speech in the internet and those bear on with hate speeches. The most important this about hate speech in the internet is that it is a global worry and all solutions to the rising problems should be moot with at a global get over (Matas, 2007). result The growing of internet communication has reminded the world that the freedom of speech is ordinary fundamental rights.The component part of internet in promoting democracy by promoting two-dimensional campaign of information in different split of the world is not in doubt. However, issues such as censorship of information in th e internet and change magnitude cases of hate messages existence post in the internet have threaten this promise of unconditional flow of information. References black lovage T. , (2009). arrogance and run-in The code of loathe public lecture in a Democracy, 44 race woodland fairness revaluation 497, pp 502. Bingham, J. 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